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The Austrian Federal Railways (German: ''Österreichische Bundesbahnen'' or ÖBB, formerly the ''Bundesbahn Österreich'' or BBÖ) is the national railway system of Austria, and the administrator of Liechtenstein's railways. The ÖBB group is owned entirely by the Republic of Austria and is divided into several separate businesses that manage the infrastructure and operate passenger and freight services. The Austrian Federal Railways has had two discrete periods of existence. It was first formed in 1923, using the ''Bundesbahn Österreich'' name, as a successor to the Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways (kkStB), but was incorporated into the ''Deutsche Reichsbahn'' during the 1938-1945 Anschluss. It was reformed in 1947, using the slightly different ''Österreichische Bundesbahnen'' name, and remains in existence in this form. Major changes currently being made to the Austrian railway network are the construction of the Wien Hauptbahnhof (Vienna main station), the Koralm Railway, the Semmering Base Tunnel and the Brenner Base Tunnel connection with Italy. ==History== * 1882 – Gradual nationalisation of the railway network of the Austro-Hungarian Empire into the Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways (''Kaiserlich-königliche österreichische Staatsbahnen'', kkStB). By the outbreak of the first world war, the only major railway in Austria to remain in private hands was the Austrian Southern Railway (''Südbahn''). * 1918 – After the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire following the first world war, the Austrian rump of kkStB remained in state control under the name ''Deutschösterreichische Staatsbahnen'' (DÖStB), which was renamed the ''Österreichische Staatsbahnen'' (ÖStB) in 1919. * 1923 – Foundation of the independent, commercial enterprise, the ''Bundesbahn Österreich'' (which used the abbreviation BBÖ, because ÖBB was already taken by the Swiss ''Oensingen-Balsthal-Bahn''). This company took over the assets of the ÖStB and the ''Südbahn'', together with other minor railways. * 1938 – The Anschluss of Austria into the German Empire. The BBÖ was taken over by the Deutsche Reichsbahn. During the Second World War about 41% of the Austrian railway network was destroyed. * 1947 – The company was reformed using the slightly different name of ''Österreichische Bundesbahnen'' and the abbreviation ÖBB (by that time the Swiss private railway used the abbreviation SP for its goods wagons in international traffic, so its abbreviation ÖBB could now be appropriated) as a state-owned company. Their infrastructure was rebuilt and electrification was accelerated. * 1969 – A new federal railway law was enacted. The ÖBB became a non-independent, economic entity, that was run as a branch of the government's industrial programme and remained entirely within the Federal budget. * 1992 – The ÖBB were broken out of the federal budget and turned into company with its own legal status (a cross between a ''GmbH'' and an ''AG'' in Austrian commercial terms). The company is 100% owned by the Republic of Austria. This change had two primary aims: 1. It had to conform to EU rules on the admission of Austria into the European Union. 2. The financial demand on the public purse was to be reduced as a result of improvements in efficiency and the pressure of competition. * 2004 – The ÖBB were reorganised into ÖBB Holding AG and a number of operating subsidiaries. The holding company was to oversee the operations of the companies assigned to it, coordinate a coherent strategic approach and allocate tasks for the whole enterprise.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.oebb.at/holding/de/Aufgaben/index.jsp )〕 * 1 January 2005 – The subsidiaries of ÖBB-Holding AG became autonomous and independent operationally. See below. The Austrian rail system is largely electrified. Electrification of the system began in 1912 but did not reach an advanced state until the 1950s. The last steam locomotive in regular service on the standard gauge network was retired in 1978. The post-war laws related to the Austrian railways were the: * ''Eisenbahngesetz'' (EisbG 1957), * ''Schieneninfrastrukturfinanzierungsgesetz'' (SCHIG 1999), * ''Eisenbahnhochleistungsstreckengesetz'' (HIG 1999) and * ''Bundesbahngesetz'' (1992). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Austrian Federal Railways」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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